Thursday, November 14, 2019
Earthquake Loads & Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings :: essays research papers
Earthquake Loads & Earthquake Resistant Design of Buildings 1.     1 2.     Summary     2 3.     Earthquake Design - A Conceptual Review     2 4.     Earthquake Resisting Performance Expectations     3 5.     Key Material Parameters for Effective Earthquake Resistant Design     3 6.     Earthquake Design Level Ground Motion     4 6.1.     Elastic Response Spectra     4 6.2.     Relative Seismicity     5 6.3.     Soil amplification     6 7.     Derivation of Ductile Design Response Spectra     7 8.     Analysis and Earthquake Resistant Design Principles     8 8.1.     The Basic Principles of Earthquake Resistant Design     8 8.2.     Controls of the Analysis Procedure     8 8.3.     The ‘Conventional’ Earthquake Design Procedure     11 9.     The Capacity Design Philosophy for Earthquake Resistance     11 9.1.     General Approach     11 9.2.     The Implications of Capacity Design     12 10.     Earthquake Resistant Structural Systems     12 10.1.     Moment Resisting Frames:     12 10.2.     Shear Walls     13 10.3.     Braced Frames     13 11.     The Importance & Implications of Structural Regularity     13 11.1.     General     13 11.2.     Vertical Regularity     14 11.3.     Horizontal Regularity.     14 11.4.     Floor Diaphragms     14 12.     Methods of Analysis     15 12.1.     Integrated Time History Analysis     15 12.2.     Multi-modal Analysis     15 12.3.     Equivalent Static Analysis     15 13.     Trends and Future Directions     16 14.     Conclusions     16 15.     References     17 1.     Summary The primary objective of earthquake resistant design is to prevent building collapse during earthquakes thus minimising the risk of death or injury to people in or around those buildings. Because damaging earthquakes are rare, economics dictate that damage to buildings is expected and acceptable provided collapse is avoided. Earthquake forces are generated by the inertia of buildings as they dynamically respond to ground motion. The dynamic nature of the response makes earthquake loadings markedly different from other building loads. Designer temptation to consider earthquakes as ‘a very strong wind’ is a trap that must be avoided since the dynamic characteristics of the building are fundamental to the structural response and thus the earthquake induced actions are able to be mitigated by design. The concept of dynamic considerations of buildings is one which sometimes generates unease and uncertainty within the designer. Although this is understandable, and a common characteristic of any new challenge, it is usually misplaced. Effective earthquake design methodologies can be, and usually are, easily simplified without detracting from the effectiveness of the design. Indeed the high level of uncertainty relating to the ground motion generated by earthquakes seldom justifies the often used complex analysis techniques nor the high level of design sophistication often employed. A good earthquake engineering design is one where the designer takes control of the building by dictating how the building is to respond. This can be achieved by selection of the preferred response mode, selecting zones where inelastic deformations are acceptable and suppressing the development of undesirable response modes which could lead to building collapse. 2.     Earthquake Design - A Conceptual Review Modern earthquake design has its genesis in the 1920’s and 1930’s. At that time earthquake design typically involved the application of 10% of the building weight as a lateral force on the structure, applied uniformly up the height of the building.
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